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服判息诉中的心理学/石东风

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  人民法院在发挥终结纠纷功能,实现服判息诉的过程中,如何让当事人通过“ 服”判实现“息”诉,成为当前法官面临的一大课题。鉴于“服”和“息”表现的是案件当事人的心理和行为,笔者结合审判实践和接访经验,立足司法过程的性质和诉讼节点的控制,从心理学的角度,对服判息诉进行了系统性的方法论思考。

首因效应,赢得信赖。心理学研究表明,第一印象对人的认知起着先入为主的首因效应,而且引导人们无形地扩大,进而形成光环效应。根据这一理论,裁判者要想让当事人接受裁判,必须从当事人与法官第一次对视开始着手。心理学的研究进一步表明,“热情”是第一要素,“在人类的品质描述中,热情一词位于人类品质词的中心”,当事人一旦认为法官是热情的,“就会把联系在其周围的其他人类优良的品质也配送给他”。“尊重”是第二要素,人都有被尊重的需求。此外,真诚与特别关注这些要素也至关重要。通过这些要素的输入,使当事人取得“这一法官是公正的”认知效果,进而最终认可我们的裁判。

光环效应,形成互动。在人际交往中,心理学上有一个相互性原则。《圣经》曰:“你期望别人怎样待你,你也要怎样待人”;朱苏力教授说:“法律说到底是要恰当地处理各种人际关系。”这就提示法官,要想获得当事人对法官包括对裁判的认可,就应该怀着一颗真诚的心去体悟当事人之所想,坚持以当事人为本,使法官与当事人之间建立起良好的互动,从而最终理解并服从裁判。

心灵引导,激活真善。激活当事人心中的真、善、美。从心理学角度讲,影响服从的一个重要因素是道德水平。我们应考虑怎样激发起当事人内心的爱与善良;因势利导,使当事人的不良情绪得以抑制消减,甚至转化为互相理解与体谅,最终理智地对待裁判。

把脉焦点,查证突破。要真正达到让当事人服判息诉的效果,功夫更在案件审理的本身——即不论对事实认定还是对法律适用均应围绕焦点问题展开。案件的焦点可以是事实的一个细节,也可以是一个细微的法律规定。找准了案件的焦点,围绕焦点刨根问底地进行证据的分析、事实的认定以及说理,不仅使案件的其他问题迎刃而解,当事人服判息诉的概率也会提高。尤其是遇到复杂案件,要先仔细给案件“把脉”,准确找出案件的焦点,并将这一焦点问题彻底厘清,尽量还原案件原貌,服判息诉的比例必然会提高。

文书制作,明理融情。中国传统法律思想中,价值取向是“情、理、法”的交融。心理学研究表明,人是社会性的人,大家比较关注社会对自己的评价与认可。作为对社会公开的裁判文书,必须以法律为主旋律,全面、准确叙述案件事实,并且对所叙事实做有力说明。百姓内心对公正的理解与法律的判断有时存在错位。要想让裁判文书“公平、正义、效率”等词语与中国传统的法律文化达成对话,必须结合中国人的信仰、价值、文化、传统、观念、心态等内容,使裁判文书的法律意义直达公众内心,做到以法服人、以理服人、以情感人,取得法律效果与社会效果的统一。

判后寄语,答疑释法。心理学将人剖析为本我、自我、超我三个层面,本我是本能的我,以快乐为行事原则;自我是现实的我,以现实利益为处事原则;超我则是道德的我,以至善为原则。人在不同情形下“我”有着这三种不同的表现。在与当事人接触的过程中,努力挖掘各方当事人内心深处的真、善、美,使当事人道德层面的“超我”得以释放,从而达至互谅,促调服判。尤其是判后寄语应将重点放在答疑释法和告知执行相关规定上,以期实现服判息诉的效果。

(作者单位:山东省临沂市中级人民法院)

国家土地管理局、民政部关于清理整顿非法经营性公墓的通知

国家土地管理局 民政部


国家土地管理局、民政部关于清理整顿非法经营性公墓的通知
国家土地管理局、民政部



各省、自治区、直辖市民政厅(局)、土地(国土)管理局(厅):
自1988年以来,全国各地殡葬管理部门根据国务院批准的民政部《关于加强公墓管理的报告》和民政部颁布的《公墓管理暂行办法》的规定,兴建了一批经营性公墓,在一定程度上满足了广大人民群众以及海外华侨、港澳台同胞安葬遗体(骨灰)的需求,促进了殡葬事业的发展。但是,
近两年来也有一些部门、单位和个人为牟取暴利,无视国家殡葬、土地管理法规和当地公墓建设规划,不经民政部门和土地管理部门批准,擅自兴建经营性公墓,违犯了土地管理等有关法规,助长了封建迷信活动,影响了殡葬改革,浪费了大量土地资源。为认真贯彻国家对经营性公墓“统
筹规划,从严控制”的精神,保护国家的生态环境和有限的土地资源,保证公墓建设的健康发展,各省(自治区、直辖市)民政、土地管理部门要在同级人民政府的统一领导下,集中一段时间,组织力量对非法经营性公墓进行一次清理整顿。现就有关事项通知如下:
一、清理整顿非法经营性公墓的范围
未经民政部批准吸收外资浪办的经营性公墓和未经各省(自治区、直辖市)民政厅(局)批准的经营性公墓,以及虽经民政部门批准但未经土地管理部门依法办理用地审批手续的经营性公墓和对外出售墓穴的公益性公墓,均视为非法经营性公墓。
二、对非法经营性公墓的处理办法
(一) 对违反土地管理法规非法兴建的经营性公墓,由当地民政部门配合地土管理部门依法予以处罚。
(二) 对确认的非法经营性公墓,分别由民政部、省级民政部门会同同级土地管理部门予以取缔,责令经营单位恢复地貌、退还非法占用的土地,限期迁移已葬遗体(骨灰),所需经费由建墓单位承担,并做好善后工作,避免激化矛盾;确需保留的,在清理整顿之后,按国家有关规定补?
焓中? (三) 对利用建公墓搞封建迷信活动的,由公安机关按照《中华人民共和国治安处罚条例》的规定予以处罚。
(四) 公益性公墓对外出售墓穴的,其用地按非法转让处理,由殡葬主管部门配合土地管理部门责令其停业整顿,并没收非法所得。
三、建立健全经营性公墓报批制度
各省(自治区、直辖市)民政厅(局)要按照经营性公墓由国家殡葬事业单位独家兴建的原则,严格依据当地土地利用、城市建设和公墓发展总体规划,把好兴建经营性公墓的审批关和兴建合资公墓的申报关。经批准的公墓单位,按照有关规定,持民政部门的批件,到县级以上土地管理和
工商行政管理部门分别办理土地使用权出让和营业执照等有关手续。使用集体所有土地兴建经营性公墓的,其土地必须征用转为国有后,以土地使用权出让方式供地。
四、建立年检验收制度
经营性公墓开业后,应以殡葬管理部门为主,吸收有关部门和有关社团组织参与管理,逐步建立年度检查验收制度。年检的范围包括墓穴用地、基础设施建设、绿化美化、文明优质服务等内容。根据年检的结果,分别作出处理:对于年检合格的,发给继续经营合格证;对于存在一般问
题的,要予以批评,责令改正;对于严重违反国家殡葬法规经营的,实行停业整顿,直至明令取缔。对今后出现的非法经营性公墓的查处,一要迅速,二要严厉,要发现一起,查处一起,绝不姑息迁就。
各省(自治区、直辖市)民政厅(局)要根据本通知的内容,结合当地的实际情况,会同土地管理和公安等部门认真制定具体办法,组织实施。各地清理整顿非法经营性公墓的情况要及时上报民政部,同时抄报国家土地管理局。



1995年3月23日

中华人民共和国金银管理条例(附英文)

国务院


中华人民共和国金银管理条例(附英文)

1983年6月15日,国务院

第一章 总 则
第一条 为加强对金银的管理,保证国家经济建设对金银的需要,取缔金银走私和投机倒把活动,特制定本条例。
第二条 本条例所称金银,包括:
(一)矿藏生产金银和冶炼副产金银;
(二)金银条、块、锭、粉;
(三)金银铸币;
(四)金银制品和金基、银基合金制品;
(五)化工产品中含的金银;
(六)金银边角余料及废渣、废液、废料中含的金银。
铂(即白金),按照国家有关规定管理。
属于金银质地的文物,按照《中华人民共和国文物法》的规定管理。
第三条 国家对金银实行统一管理、统购统配的政策。
中华人民共和国境内的机关、部队、团体、学校,国营企业、事业单位,城乡集体经济组织(以下统称境内机构)的一切金银的收入和支出,都纳入国家金银收支计划。
第四条 国家管理金银的主管机关为中国人民银行。
中国人民银行负责管理国家金银储备;负责金银的收购与配售;会同国家物价主管机关制定和管理金银收购与配售价格;会同国家有关主管机关审批经营(包括加工、销售)金银制品、含金银化工产品以及从含金银的废渣、废液、废料中回收金银的单位(以下统称经营单位),管理和
检查金银市场;监督本条例的实施。
第五条 境内机构所持的金银,除经中国人民银行许可留用的原材料、设备、器皿、纪念品外,必须全部交售给中国人民银行,不得自行处理、占有。
第六条 国家保护个人持有合法所得的金银。
第七条 在中华人民共和国境内,一切单位和个人不得计价使用金银,禁止私相买卖和借贷抵押金银。

第二章 对金银收购的管理
第八条 金银的收购,统一由中国人民银行办理。除经中国人民银行许可、委托的以外,任何单位和个人不得收购金银。
第九条 从事金银生产(包括矿藏生产和冶炼副产)的厂矿企业、农村社队、部队和个人所采炼的金银,必须全部交售给中国人民银行,不得自行销售、交换和留用。
前款所列生产单位,对生产过程中的金银成品和半成品,必须按照有关规定加强管理,不得私自销售和处理。
第十条 国家鼓励经营单位和使用金银的单位,从伴生金银的矿种和含金银的废渣、废液、废料中回收金银。
前款所列单位必须将回收的金银交售给中国人民银行,不得自行销售、交换和留用。但是,经中国人民银行许可,使用金银的单位将回收的金银重新利用的除外。
第十一条 境内机构从国外进口的金银和矿产品中采炼的副产金银,除经中国人民银行允许留用的或者按照规定用于进料加工复出口的金银以外,一律交售给中国人民银行,不得自行销售、交换和留用。
第十二条 个人出售金银,必须卖给中国人民银行。
第十三条 一切出土无主金银,均为国家所有,任何单位和个人不得熔化、销毁或占有。
单位和个人发现的出土无主金银,经当地文化行政管理部门鉴定,除有历史文物价值的按照《中华人民共和国文物法》的规定办理外,必须交给中国人民银行收兑,价款上缴国库。
第十四条 公安、司法、海关、工商行政管理、税务等国家机关依法没收的金银,一律交售给中国人民银行,不得自行处理或者以其他实物顶替。没收的金银价款按照有关规定上缴国库。

第三章 对金银配售的管理
第十五条 凡需用金银的单位,必须按照规定程序向中国人民银行提出申请使用金银的计划,由中国人民银行审批、供应。
中国人民银行应当按照批准的计划供应,不得随意减售或拖延。
第十六条 中华人民共和国境内的外资企业、中外合资企业以及外商,订购金银制品或者加工其他含金银产品,要求在国内供应金银者,必须按照规定程序提出申请,由中国人民银行审批予以供应。
第十七条 使用金银的单位,必须建立使用制度,严格做到专项使用、结余交回。未经中国人民银行许可,不得把金银原料(包括半成品)转让或者移作他用。
第十八条 在本条例规定范围内,中国人民银行有权对使用金银的单位进行监督和检查。使用金银的单位应当向中国人民银行据实提供有关使用金银的情况和资料。

第四章 对经营单位和个体银匠的管理
第十九条 申请经营(包括加工、销售)金银制品、含金银化工产品以及从含金银的废渣、废液、废料中回收金银的单位,必须按照国家有关规定和审批程序,经中国人民银行和有关主管机关审查批准,在工商行政管理机关登记发给营业执照后,始得营业。
第二十条 经营单位必须按照批准的金银业务范围从事经营,不得擅自改变经营范围,不得在经营中克扣、挪用和套购金银。
第二十一条 金银质地纪念币的铸造、发行由中国人民银行办理,其他任何单位不得铸造、仿造和发行。
金银质地纪念章(牌)的出口经营,由中国人民银行和中华人民共和国对外经济贸易部分别办理。
第二十二条 委托、寄售商店,不得收购或者寄售金银制品、金银器材。珠宝商店可以收购供出口销售的带有金银镶嵌的珠宝饰品,但是不得收购、销售金银制品和金银器材。金银制品由中国人民银行收购并负责供应外贸出口。
第二十三条 边疆少数民族地区和沿海侨眷比较集中地区的个体银匠,经县或者县级以上中国人民银行以及工商行政管理机关批准,可以从事代客加工和修理金银制品的业务,但不得收购和销售金银制品。
第二十四条 国家允许个人邮寄金银饰品,具体管理办法由中国人民银行会同中华人民共和国邮电部制定。

第五章 对金银进出国境的管理
第二十五条 携带金银进入中华人民共和国国境,数量不受限制,但是必须向入境地中华人民共和国海关申报登记。
第二十六条 携带或者复带金银出境,中华人民共和国海关凭中国人民银行出具的证明或者原入境时的申报单登记数量查验放行;不能提供证明的或者超过原入境时申报登记数量的,不许出境。
第二十七条 携带在中华人民共和国境内供应旅游者购买的金银饰品(包括镶嵌饰品、工艺品、器皿等)出境,中华人民共和国海关凭国内经营金银制品的单位开具的特种发货票查验放行。无凭据的,不许出境。
第二十八条 在中华人民共和国境内的中国人、外国侨民和无国籍人出境定居,每人携带金银的限额为:黄金饰品1市两(31.25克),白银饰品10市两(312.50克),银质器皿20市两(625克)。经中华人民共和国海关查验符合规定限额的放行。
第二十九条 中华人民共和国境内的外资企业、中外合资企业,从国外进口金银作产品原料的,其数量不限;出口含金银量较高的产品,须经中国人民银行核准后放行。未经核准或者超过核准出口数量的,不许出境。

第六章 奖励与惩罚
第三十条 有下列事迹的单位或者个人,国家给予表彰或者适当的物质奖励:
(一)认真执行国家金银政策法令,在金银回收或者管理工作中做出显著成绩的;
(二)为保护国家金银与走私、投机倒把等违法犯罪行为坚决斗争,事迹突出的;
(三)发现出土无主金银及时上报或者上交,对国家有贡献的;
(四)将个人收藏的金银捐献给国家的。
第三十一条 违反本条例的下列行为,根据情节轻重,分别由中国人民银行、工商行政管理机关和海关按照各自的职责权限给予以下处罚:
(一)违反本条例第八、九、十、十一条规定,擅自收购、销售、交换和留用金银的,由中国人民银行或者工商行政管理机关予以强制收购或者贬值收购。情节严重的,工商行政管理机关可并处以罚款,或者单处以没收。
违反本条例第八、九、十、十一条规定的,工商行政管理机关可另处以吊销营业执照。
(二)违反本条例第十三条规定,私自熔化、销毁、占有出土无主金银的,由中国人民银行追回实物或者由工商行政管理机关处以罚款。
(三)违反本条例第十七条规定擅自改变使用用途或者转让金银原材料的,由中国人民银行予以警告,或者追回已配售的金银。情节严重的,处以罚款直至停止供应。
(四)违反本条例第十九、二十、二十一、二十二、二十三条规定,未经批准私自经营的,或者擅自改变经营范围的,或者套购、挪用、克扣金银的,由工商行政管理机关处以罚款或者没收。情节严重的,可并处以吊销营业执照、责令停业。
(五)违反本条例第七条规定,将金银计价使用、私相买卖、借贷抵押的,由中国人民银行或者工商行政管理机关予以强制收购或者贬值收购。情节严重的,由工商行政管理机关处以罚款或者没收。
(六)违反本条例第五章有关金银进出国境管理规定或者用各种方法偷运金银出境的,由海关依据本条例和国家海关法规处理。
(七)违反本条例第十四条规定的,由中国人民银行予以收兑。对直接责任人员由有关单位追究行政责任。
第三十二条 违反本条例规定,已构成犯罪行为的,由司法机关依法追究刑事责任。

第七章 附 则
第三十三条 本条例的施行细则,由中国人民银行会同国务院有关部门制定。
第三十四条 边疆少数民族地区的金银管理需要作某些变通规定的,由有关省、自治区人民政府会同中国人民银行根据本条例制定。
第三十五条 本条例自发布之日起施行。过去有关部门制定的金银管理办法即行废止。(附英文)

REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE CONTROL OFGOLD AND SILVER

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE CONTROL OF
GOLD AND SILVER
(Promulgated by the State Council on June 15, 1983)

Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
These Regulations are formulated for the purpose of tightening control of
gold and silver, ensuring the demands for gold and silver in national
economic construction, and banning smuggling and speculation in gold and
silver.
Article 2
The gold and silver referred to in these Regulations include:
(1) gold and silver extracted form ore deposits, and gold and silver
refined as a by-product;
(2) gold and silver bars, nuggets, bullion and powder;
(3) gold and silver coins;
(4) gold and silver articles and gold- or silver-based alloy articles;
(5) gold and silver contained in chemical products; and
(6) gold and silver tailings, and gold and silver contained in residual,
liquid and solid wastes.
Platinum shall be controlled according to the relevant State provisions.
The gold and silver with a cultural relic nature shall be controlled
according to the Law of the People's Republic of China on Protection of
Cultural Relics.
Article 3
The State pursues a policy of unified control and monopoly purchase and
allocation with regard to gold and silver.
All gold and silver earnings and expenditures of State organs, armed
forces, organizations, schools, State-owned enterprises, institutions,
urban and rural collective economic organizations within the territory of
the People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as organizations
within territory) shall be incorporated in the State plan for gold and
silver earnings and expenditures.
Article 4
The competent agency of the State responsible for gold and silver is the
People's Bank of China.
The People's Bank of China is responsible for managing the State's gold
and silver reserves; responsible for the purchase, allocation and sale of
gold and silver; it shall work out and control purchasing, allocating and
selling prices of gold and silver in conjunction with the State competent
agency responsible for commodity prices; it shall work in conjunction with
the relevant competent agencies to examine and approve units dealing in
(including processing and retailing) gold and silver articles and chemical
products containing gold and silver and the recovery of gold and silver
from residual, liquid and solid wastes containing them (hereinafter
referred to as business units), and shall control and inspect the gold and
silver market; it shall supervise the implementation of these Regulations.
Article 5
All gold and silver in the possession of the organizations within
territory except the raw materials, equipment, vessels and souvenirs
retained for use with the permission of the People's Bank of China, must
be sold to the Bank and shall not be disposed of or kept without
authorization.
Article 6
The State protects the possession of gold and silver lawfully obtained by
individuals.
Article 7
No units and individuals within the territory of the People's Republic of
China are allowed to use gold and silver to calculate prices, to engage in
private buying and selling of gold and silver, or to use it as a mortgage
in respect of borrowing and lending.

Chapter II Control of Gold and Silver Purchase
Article 8
The purchase of gold and silver is monopolized by the People's Bank of
China. No unit or individual is permitted to purchase gold and silver
unless permitted or entrusted by the Bank.
Article 9
All gold and silver mined and refined by factories and mines, rural
communes, brigades and teams, armed forces and individuals engaging in and
producing gold and silver (including that extracted from ore deposits and
refined as by-product), must be sold to the People's Bank of China, and
must not be kept for sale, exchange or use by themselves without
authorization.
The producing units listed in the preceding paragraph must tighten control
over finished and semi-finished gold and silver products in the
manufacturing process according to the relevant provisions, and must not
sell or otherwise dispose of such products themselves without
authorization.
Article 10
The State encourages business units and those units using gold and silver
to recover gold and silver from associated mineral ores and from residual
liquid and solid wastes containing gold and silver.
Units listed in the preceding paragraph must sell their recovered gold and
silver to the People's Bank of China, and must not keep them for sale,
exchange or use by themselves without authorization, except those retained
for reuse by units using gold and silver with the permission of the
People's Bank of China.
Article 11
All gold and silver extracted or refined by organizations within territory
as a by-product from imported gold, silver or ore products must be sold to
the People's Bank of China, except for the gold and silver kept with the
permission of the Bank or those for reexport following processing the
imported materials in accordance with relevant provisions, and must not be
sold, exchanged or retained for use by themselves.
Article 12
Individuals wishing to sell gold or silver must sell it to the People's
Bank of China.
Article 13
Any excavated gold and silver objects without legal owners belong to the
State. No unit or individual may melt down, destroy, or take possession of
such gold and silver. Excavated gold and silver objects without legal
owners discovered by any unit or individual shall be sold to the People's
Bank of China and the receipts from such sales shall be turned over to the
Treasury; those found to be of historical value upon evaluation by local
cultural administration departments shall be handled in accordance with
the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural
Relics.
Article 14
All gold and silver confiscated by the public security, judicial, Customs,
industry and commerce administration, taxation and other State organs
according to law must be sold to the People's Bank of China, and must not
be disposed of by these organs or substituted with other articles. The
sale proceeds from confiscated gold and silver shall be turned over to the
Treasury according to relevant provisions.

Chapter III Control of Allocation and Sale of Gold and Silver
Article 15
Units requiring gold and silver for use shall submit to the People's Bank
of China a plan requesting the use of gold and silver according to
specified procedures, and the Bank shall supply such gold and silver after
examination and approval. The People's Bank of China shall supply gold
and silver according to the approved plan, and must not reduce at will the
amount approved or delay delivery.
Article 16
Foreign-capital enterprises, Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures and
foreign businessmen within the territory of the People's Republic of China
purchasing gold and silver articles or processing goods containing gold
and silver thus wishing to acquire gold and silver supplies in China shall
make application according to the specified procedures to the People's
Bank of China for examination and approval and fulfillment of the request.
Article 17
Units using gold and silver must establish their utilization system,
comply strictly with the earmarked utilization, and return any unused
portion. Without the permission of the People's Bank of China, they shall
not transfer gold and silver materials (including semi-finished products)
to others or use them for any other purposes.
Article 18
The People's Bank of China has the authority, within the scope provided
for in these Regulations, to supervise and check up on units using gold
and silver. The units concerned shall provide the Bank with truthful
information and data in regard to the use of gold and silver.

Chapter IV Control of Business Units and Self-Employed Silver- smiths
Article 19
Units applying for dealing in (including processing and marketing of) gold
and silver articles and chemical products containing gold and silver, and
those recovering gold and silver from residual, liquid and solid wastes
containing them, shall be subject to examination and approval of the
People's Bank of China and the relevant competent agencies according to
the relevant provisions and approving procedures of the State and shall
register with and obtain operating licences from the administrative
department for industry and commerce before they begin operations.
Article 20
Business units must conduct their business within the approved scope, and
shall not alter the scope of business without authorization, embezzle gold
and silver or use them for any other purpose, or illegally purchase them
in the course of their operations.
Article 21
The minting and issuing of gold- and silver-based souvenir coins shall be
handled by the People's Bank of China, and no other unit may mint, imitate
or issue such coins. The export of gold- and silver-based souvenir badges
(or plaques) shall be handled respectively by the People's Bank of China
and the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade of the People's
Republic of China.
Article 22
Commission stores and second-hand shops may not purchase or sell on
commission gold and silver articles and appliances. Jewellery shops may
purchase jewellery inlaid with gold and silver for sale abroad, but may
not purchase or sell gold and silver articles and appliances. The People's
Bank of China is responsible for purchasing gold and silver articles for
export and supplying them to the foreign trade departments.
Article 23
Self-employed silversmiths in border areas inhabited by minority
nationalities and in coastal areas with a concentration of relatives of
overseas Chinese, may engage in processing and repairing gold and silver
articles for clients upon the approval of the People's Bank of China at
the county level or above and of the administration for industry and
commerce, but are not allowed to purchase or sell gold and silver
articles.
Article 24
The State allows individuals to send gold and silver jewellery by post,
and specific measures for control thereof shall be worked out by the
People's Bank of China in conjunction with the Ministry of Post and
Telecommunications.

Chapter V Control of Gold and Silver Taken into or out of the Territory of China
Article 25
There is no limit to the quantity of gold and silver to be brought into
the People's Republic of China. However, this must be declared at the
Customs of the People's Republic of China at the port of entry.
Article 26
Gold and silver taken or retaken out of China shall be inspected and
released by the Customs of the People's Republic of China according to the
quantity specified in the certificate issued by the People's Bank of China
or the declaration form at the time of entry; it may not be taken out if
no certificate is produced or if the amount exceeds that specified in the
declaration form at the time of entry.
Article 27
Gold and silver jewellery (including inlaid jewellery handicraft and art
products and vessels) to be carried out of China by tourists shall be
inspected and released by the Customs of the People's Republic of China
against the special invoices issued by the domestic units dealing in gold
and silver articles. Without such invoices, the articles may not be taken
out of China.
Article 28
When Chinese citizens, foreign nationals or stateless persons wish to
leave the People's Republic of China to immigrate abroad, they may each
carry out up to 1 liang (31.25 grams) in gold jewellery, 10 liang (312.50
grams) in silver jewellery and 20 liang (625 grams) in silver vessels.
Items not exceeding these limits shall be allowed to be carried out upon
inspection by the Customs of the People's Republic of China.
Article 29
There is no limit to the quantity of gold and silver to be imported as raw
materials by foreign-capital enterprises and Chinese-foreign equity joint
ventures in the People's Republic of China. Export products containing a
high percentage of gold and silver shall be released upon verification and
approval by the People's Bank of China. Items not verified and approved or
in excess of the approved amount shall not be exported.

Chapter VI Rewards and Penalties
Article 30
Units or individuals who make the following contributions shall be
commended or given appropriate material rewards by the State:
(1) those who have made marked successes in recovering or controlling gold
and silver in strict implementation of the State policies and decrees
concerning gold and silver;
(2) those who have had outstanding performance in the protection of gold
and silver for the State in the struggle against violations of law and
criminal acts such as smuggling and speculation;
(3) those who have promptly reported or handed over to the responsible
organ upon discovery of unearthed gold and silver without legal owner,
thus rendering a service to the state; and
(4) those who have donated to the State their personal gold and silver
collections.
Article 31
The following acts in violation of these Regulations shall be subject to
penalty imposed, in accordance with the severity of the case, by the
People's Bank of China, or by the administrative department for industry
and commerce, or by the Customs, according to their respective terms of
reference:
(1) If gold and silver have been purchased, sold, exchanged or retained
without authorization in violation of Articles 8, 9, 10, and 11 of these
Regulations, the People's Bank of China or the administrative department
for industry and commerce shall resort to compulsory purchase or devalued
purchase. In cases of serious violation, the administrative department for
industry and commerce may impose fines in addition, or simply confiscate
the gold and silver in question.
In cases of violation of Articles 8, 9, 10, and 11 of these Regulations,
the administrative department for industry and commerce may revoke
violators' business licences in addition.
(2) If unearthed gold and silver objects without legal owners have been
melted down, destroyed or held in possession in violation of Article 13 of
these Regulations, the People's Bank of China shall recover the unearthed
objects or the administrative department for industry and commerce shall
impose fines.
(3) If the intended use of gold and silver is altered, or gold and silver
used as raw materials are transferred without authorization in violation
of Article 17 of these Regulations, the People's Bank of China shall
either issue a warning or recover the gold and silver allocated. In cases
of serious violation, fines shall be imposed or even supplies suspended.
(4) For such acts as dealing in gold and silver without authorization,
altering the scope of business without authorization, illegally purchasing
or using gold and silver for other purpose, or embezzling gold and silver,
in violation of Articles 19, 20, 21, 22 and 23 of these Regulations, the
administrative department for industry and commerce shall impose fines or
confiscate the goods. In cases of serious violation, business licenses may
be revoked in addition and suspension of business operations be ordered.
(5) If gold and silver are used to calculate prices, bought or sold
privately, or used as a means of a mortgage in respect of borrowing and
lending in violation of Article 7 of these Regulations, the People's Bank
of China or the administrative department for industry and commerce shall
purchase such gold and silver compulsorily or at devalued prices. In cases
of serious violation, the administrative department for industry and
commerce may impose fines or confiscate the gold and silver in question.
(6) If the provisions in Chapter V of these Regulations concerning the
gold and silver taken into or out of China are violated or various means
are used to smuggle gold and silver out of China, the Customs shall deal
with such cases in accordance with these Regulations and the Customs law
and regulations.
(7) If the provisions of Article 14 of these Regulations are violated, the
People's Bank of China shall purchase the gold and silver in question. The
administrative liability of those directly responsible shall be
investigated by the relevant units.
Article 32
If violations of these Regulations constitute crimes, the judicial organs
shall investigate the criminal responsibilities according to law.

Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions
Article 33
The rules for implementation of these Regulations shall be formulated by
the People's Bank of China in conjunction with the relevant departments
under the State Council.
Article 34
If modified regulations are required for gold and silver control in border
areas inhabited by minority nationalities, the people's governments of the
provinces and autonomous regions concerned shall formulate them in
conjunction with the People's Bank of China in accordance with these
Regulations.
Article 35
These Regulations shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.
Measures of gold and silver control previously formulated by the related
departments thus are hereby nullified.