On the release of goods without Presentation of B/L in carriage of goods by sea
——Taking into consideration the introspection and query to the focus of issue of releasing of goods without B/L


Summary Introduction

Bills of lading, the document invented by European merchant, has become the basis of international trade and shipping by hundreds of years’ practice, customs and improvements.[1] These years, the case of taking delivery without B/L has been a large proportion in maritime trials, becoming the focus of the issue of B/L. It has been a long time people argued its nature, legal responsibility and the legal validity of the letter of guarantee. Some people even say “taking delivery without B/L nearly is one of the ‘aberrant’ ocean carriage acts relating to the most problems in theory and practice.”[2] It will be necessary to thrash over the problem for carrier, the owner of goods, agent of shipping and goods and the parties of trade, and it will be beneficial to improve our credit of foreign trade. This article will regulate these issues systematically and try to interpellate the viewpoint about the character of this act and the validity of the letter of guarantee. Meanwhile it will recognize the legal responsibility of the issue logically from a new angular .At last it will give some resolutions to solve the problem of taking delivery without original B/L.
















List of content


1. Legal basis of taking delivery with original B/L:
(a). The legal character of B/L demands of taking delivery with original B/L
(b). Taking delivery with original B/L is an international usage
2. The judgment, causality, typical model and demur of the act of releasing of goods without B/L:
(a). The criterion for judgment of the act of releasing of goods without B/L
(b). The causality and typical model of releasing of goods without B/L
(c). The demur of releasing of goods without B/L
3. The responsibility attribution and exertion of legal capacity to sue of releasing of goods without B/L—— the criticism to the “doctrine of breach of contract ”, “doctrine of tort ”, “doctrine of concurrent”
(a). The doctrines of the responsibility attribution of releasing of goods without B/L and the evaluation of them
(b). The posteriori from the logically subsequent of the responsibility attribution of releasing of goods without B/L
4. Letter of guarantee of releasing of goods without B/L—— the interpellation to recent theory and practice
(a). The nature of letter of guarantee
(b). The validity of letter of guarantee —— the interpellation to the criterion of “good faith and malice”.
(c). The extending tendency of the independence of letter of guarantee ——Demand Guarantees.
5. The resolution to the issue of releasing of goods without B/L.
(a). The advice given to solve the issue
(b). The evaluation to the advice mentioned above and the viewpoint about it




湖北省襄樊市人民政府


襄政发[2000]40号

市人民政府关于印发《襄樊市城市建筑垃圾管理办法》的通知

二ＯＯＯ年八月二十九日

各县(市)、区人民政府，各开发区管委会，市政府各部门：

现将《襄樊市城市建筑垃圾管理办法》印发给你们，请认真贯彻执行。


襄樊市城市建筑垃圾管理办法

　　第一条　为了加强襄樊市市区建筑垃圾管理，维护城市卫生环境，根据国务院《城市市容和环境卫生管理条例》、建设部《城市生活垃圾管理办法》和《湖北省城市市容和环境卫生管理实施办法》，结合我市实际，制定本办法。

　　第二条　任何单位和个人在市区及城乡结合部范围内处置建筑垃圾，均应遵守本办法。

　　第三条　本办法所称建筑垃圾是指建设、施工单位或个人对各类建筑物、构筑物、道路、管网等进行建设、铺设或拆除、修缮过程中所产生的渣土、弃料、余泥及其它废弃物；建筑垃圾的管理，是指对建筑垃圾的收集、运输、消纳、处理的管理。

　　第四条　襄樊市建设委员会是本市建筑垃圾管理的行政主管部门，市环卫渣土管理处具体负责市区建筑垃圾的清运、调剂、处理与管理。

公安、城建、规划、建管、环保等管理部门应按照各自的职责，配合市环卫渣土管理处搞好建筑垃圾管理。

　　第五条　产生建筑垃圾的建设单位或个人，在施工前应持施工图纸向市环卫渣土管理处申报建筑垃圾处置计划，如实填报建筑垃圾的种类、数量、运输路线及处置场地等事项，并与市环卫渣土管理处签订环境卫生责任书。



建筑垃圾需分批排放的，除申报总排放处置计划外，还应在每批排放前五日申报排放处置计划。临时变更排放处置计划的，应补报调整后的排放处置计划。市环卫渣土管理处应在接到申报文件之日起五日内核发《建筑垃圾清运许可证》，对不核发《建筑垃圾清运许可证》的，应告知其原因。

第六条　将建筑垃圾运入各类建筑垃圾储运场消纳处置的，储运场应予受纳。

　　单位或个人自行安排建筑垃圾消纳场地的，应在申报排放处置计划时，提交受纳场地管理单位的上级行政管理部门同意受纳的证明。

第七条　市环卫渣土管理处对市区所有单位或个人在建设施工中产生的建筑垃圾实行统一消纳处理。由市环卫渣土管理处负责清运的，应当按照平等自愿的原则与建设施工单位签订渣土清运协议，按物价部门制定的收费标准收取费用；建设单位自己负责清运建筑垃圾的，应当取得《建筑垃圾清运许可证》。市环卫渣土管理处核发《建筑垃圾清运许可证》，不得收取费用。

运输建筑垃圾时，运输车辆应随车船携带《建筑垃圾清运许可证》，接受市环卫渣土管理处的检查。《建筑垃圾清运许可证》不准出借、转让、涂改、伪造。

　　第八条　运输车辆的运输路线，由市环卫渣土管理处规定。运输单位和个人应按规定的运输路线运输。

承运单位和个人应将建筑垃圾卸在指定的受纳场地，并取得受纳场地管理单位签发的回执，交托运单位送市环卫渣土管理处查验。

　　第九条　各类运输车辆进入建筑垃圾储运场地，应服从场地管理人员的指挥，按要求倾卸。

　　第十条　建筑工程或低洼地、废沟、滩涂等需要回填建筑垃圾的，有关单位应向市环卫渣土管理处提出申请，由市环卫渣土管理处统一安排。

第十一条　各类建设工程竣工后，建设单位应在五日内，将工地的剩余建筑垃圾处理干净。

第十二条　建筑垃圾清运处置费按市物价局核定标准收取，收入专项用于建筑垃圾的处置和管理。

第十三条　建设单位在规划部门办理《建设工程施工许可证》（含代用证）时，必须持有与市环卫渣土管理处签订的环境卫生责任书，否则，规划部门不予办理《建设工程施工许可证》（含代用证）。

第十四条　对不按市环卫渣土管理部门规定的时间、地点、方式及时清运或随意倾倒建筑垃圾的，责令建设单位或个人清理现场所有的建筑垃圾，并按有关规定处以罚款；运载建筑垃圾沿途泄漏、遗撒的，责令其改正，并可按有关规定处以罚款。



第十五条　本办法由市建设委员会负责解释。

第十六条　本办法自发布之日起施行。原《襄樊市城市建筑垃圾管理实施办法》（襄政发[1998]6号）同时废止。